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The iPad should now be on WiFi and enrolled in Securly MDM. Now unplug the iPad from the computer and finish the setup. Drag and Drop the Enrollment Profile onto the iPad in Configurator.Download the Enrollment Profile and save it to your desktop.Open Securly MDM > Devices > click on the name of the device group you want to enroll the iPad(s) in > Device Group Details Tab.You may download the MDM profile from Securly MDM and directly enroll the iPad into the device group. You may now unplug the iPad and manually enroll (see above) ORĢ. Your profile will now be installed onto the iPad. Drag and drop the profile on-top of the iPad.Create a Wifi Profile in the Configurator that you save to your desktop.You may add your WiFi configuration to the iPad. OR you have two more options for Configurator.ġ. First, finish the setup process on the iPad. Please see section 3.4.1 Enrolling iPads manually (non-DEP) of the SchoolMDM User's Guide found on the support site. You may now unplug the iPad and enroll the iPad Manually into Securly MDM. The iPad should be on the Hello screen and the Configurator should show a normal iPad. Wait for the iPad AND Configurator to finish. Select which steps you want to see upon iPad restart. If this is the first time you have run Configurator, you might have to create your own organization.Ĩ. Select Manual configuration > Supervise Devices > Allow devices to pair with other computers > Nextħ. In Configurator, right-click on the device and select Prepare.ĥ. If a device is deleted from Intune, but remains assigned to the ADE enrollment token in. Intune fetches the complete updated list of serial numbers assigned to the Apple MDM server connected to Intune. If prompted on the iPad - select Trust.Ĥ. If you selected Allow Apple Configurator by certificate in the previous step, choose an Apple Configurator certificate to import. Select Wi-Fi from the left menu and click Configure. Set Automatically Remove Profile as Never. Connect your iPad to an Apple computer with a USB charging cable. Select the Security type as With Authorization and provide a password. On an Apple computer, install, and open Configurator.Ģ. To manage a device, you must connect it directly to Apple Configurator. Please note that the iPad must run iOS 12.5 or higher to enroll in an MDM. Apple Configurator isn’t an MDM solution. This is so frustrating.If you have an iPad and want all the benefits of supervised mode with your MDM, you may use the Apple App Configurator to put your iPad into supervised mode. So why can we still erase the **** profile off the device? Close Photos, iTunes, and other apps that open for the device when the device is detected. Connect the iOS/iPadOS device to the Mac computer with a USB cord. Then the Configurator downloads the profile from the server onto the device during the "Preparation" phase. Prepare the device with Apple Configurator by using the following steps: On a Mac computer, open Apple Configurator 2.0. Connect the iOS device to a Mac and open Apple. Well, my device is supervised I set it up to be supervised in the Configurator. From Devices > Enrollments > Other Enrollment Options, select Apple Configurator and choose MDM Server URL. The documentation clearly says that as long as the iOS device is "supervised" then it should be fine. How do you know this?! Where in the world is this actually stated in the documentation? Why doesn't the stupid Server software throw an error and warn you that it's not going to work as intended, if the "MDM profile" (whatever that is) is not enrolled in DEP? Apple believes end users should have the OPT-OUT option, unless the devices is enrolled in DEP. If it is a MDM profile but is not enrolled with DEP then the profile will ALWAYS be removable, and that is by design. The profile is LINKED to a MDM profile that is ENROLLED with DEP. The profile was CREATED by Apple Configuator and is password protectedĢ. There are now two ways profiles cant be removed:ġ. Compatibility Architecture: 64 Bit (圆4).Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup.Software Full Name: ON1 Effects 2022.5 16.6 Multilingual 圆4.Whiten teeth and a variety of other benefits.Noise reduction and exposure adjustments.Photo blending, color correction, and retouching.Features for instant editing with a variety of presets.Almost all image formats are supported.Works as a Photoshop and Lightroom plugin.Can be utilized as a stand-alone application. User-friendly interface with drag-and-drop functionality.You can also download Boris FX Mocha Pro 2022 Free Download.īelow are some noticeable features which you’ll experience after ON1 Effects free download. You can view the modifications made to the image using the program’s real-time preview feature. Additionally, you are permitted to improve the images’ quality by adjusting the contrast, white balance, and other settings like color correction, exposure, retouching, noise reduction, etc. Additionally, you may zoom in or out, use different brushes, fix red-eye issues, switch to full-screen mode for a greater focus on the editing process, undo or redo your activities, change the canvas size, and perform a number of other operations. ON1 Effects 2022 has some additional features including HDR Look, Film Looks, Black & White, Glows, Tone Enhancer, Color Enhancer, Lens Blur (tilt-shift), Various Textures, Borders, Split Tone, and much more. You can also download Marvelous DesigFree Download. Adjust the color using depth, space, and resolution. JPEG, ERF, PNG, RSW, BMP, NEF, PSD, SRW, DCR, and many other formats are supported. It makes maintaining your photographs simple, and it has a ton of basic and sophisticated effects pre-loaded for quick editing. Gradient and Brush Adjustments, Border, HDR, Glow, and Vintage effects, as well as Blending Options and Filter stack adjustments, are features of many filters. are also included in an exclusive palette. The pre-configured effects OnOne, Cinematic, Darkroom, Commercial, Film, Texture Combos, etc. ON1 Effects 2022 is a robust tool for editing and improving digital images and offers a full solution for adding various effects and filters to photos to make them more appealing. It is full offline installer standalone setup of ON1 Effects Free Download for 64 Bit. ON1 Effects 2022 Free Download Latest Version for Windows. The story consists of 16 missions and takes about 10 hours. Single-player campaign: Play the moving campaign that tells the story of the nameless heroine. Clusterfun: Nothing is quite so satisfying as killing an enemy with a plunger you just fired straight into their face with your bow. Tactical combat: It takes a tactical mind and lightning-fast reflexes to survive combat in the Wastelands! Become the nameless heroine of the Wastelands! Roam the Wastelands in single-player mode, develop your own survival strategies, find weapons and equipment, adapt your character to your preferred way of playing, and become a leader in these dark times. The engrossing single-player campaign takes place in 16 gripping story missions. Amnesiac and hopelessly out-gunned, you vow to save your daughter! But you must proceed with caution and choose your tactics wisely, or you won’t stand a chance! In the course of your adventures, you realize that it is not just your own destiny that is at stake – this is about so much more.ĭustwind - The Last Resort is a post-apocalyptic real-time tactical action game with demanding combat, hours of exploration and a moving story. But in a curious way, their murderous ambush invigorates you. They torture you, rob you, and leave you for dead. The game is primarily designed for online play, but you can. It’s a free-for-all here – a brutal time to be alive! While foraging for food in the Wastelands, you and your daughter are ambushed by Raiders. Dustwind Gameplay Review - YouTube I'm playing Dustwind, a real-time tactical strategy game by Dustwind Studios and Z-Software. There are some gaming fans who will tell you Fallout Tactics is one of the most underappreciated titles ever created. The few survivors of this apocalypse now struggle to survive in the Wastelands. Dustwind Studios clearly had an idea in mind for Dustwind but the execution leaves a lot to be desired, likely appealing only to genre fanatics. The AI’s robot armies targeted all other life forms on Earth. Roam the Wastelands in single-player mode, develop your own survival strategies, find weapons and equipment, adapt your character to your preferred way of playing, and become a leader in these dark times.25 years have passed since the ‘Awakening’ – a cataclysmic event triggered by a renegade artificial intelligence known as ‘Mainframe’. Once that’s all over, the real game reveals itself. The tutorial takes you through gameplay elements in short missions, where you learn to equip weapons, kill things, search bodies for new things, stealth about, and suchlike. Dustwind - The Last Resort is a post-apocalyptic real-time tactical action game with demanding combat, hours of exploration and a moving story. So what is Dustwind Well, it’s an isometric action-adventure game. Amnesiac and hopelessly out-gunned, you vow to save your daughter! But you must proceed with caution and choose your tactics wisely, or you won’t stand a chance! In the course of your adventures, you realize that it is not just your own destiny that is at stake – this is about so much more. It’s a free-for-all here – a brutal time to be alive! While foraging for food in the Wastelands, you and your daughter are ambushed by Raiders. The few survivors of this apocalypse now struggle to survive in the Wastelands. The few survivors of this apocalypse now struggle to 25 years have passed since the ‘Awakening’ – a cataclysmic event triggered by a renegade artificial intelligence known as ‘Mainframe’. The AI’s robot armies targeted all other life forms on Earth. Currently obsessed with the Yakuza series (minus no. Today, August 15th at 12 pm EDT, Z-Software GmbH and Dustwind Studios are launching their ‘Full Release’ via Steam. tap 3, tap 4, phim The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance ep 5, ep 6, ep 7, ep 8, ep 9, ep 10, xem Kim Cng en: Thi i Kháng Chin tp 11, tp 12, tp 13, tp 14, tp 15, phim. Starring: Taron Egerton, Nathalie Emmanuel, Anya Taylor-Joy. As power-hungry overlords drain life from the planet Thra, a group of brave Gelfling unite on a quest to save their world and fight off the darkness. Meanwhile, palace guard Rian (voiced by Taron Egerton) stumbles upon a horrifying secret and must spread the word that “Everything the Skeksis have ever told us was a lie.” The fires of insurrection are stoked, and the friends go on an epic journey to save the planet from a sickness that has spread across the land. The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (2019) Trng thái: Full 10/10 Vietsub o din: Louis Leterrier Thi lng: 60 phút / tp. 2019 Maturity Rating: 10+ 1 Season TV Action & Adventure. The cave-dwelling Deet (voiced by Nathalie Emmanuel) is called forth to take on something called the Darkening, while bookworm Brea (Anya Taylor-Joy) is tired of her princess life and seeks out the answer to a vision. The new series takes place many years before the events of the movie and follows three Gelfling who discover the horrifying secret to how the Skeksis obtain their power. Tonally those guys are more russet and auburn tone to them, said Froud. Released by Varese Sarabande in 2019 containing music from The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (2019). 1 soundtrack from 2019, composed by Daniel Pemberton. A young Gelfling named Jen is taken in by the kind wizards known as Mystics and must fulfill his destiny to overthrow the Skeksis. 'The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance' returns to the world of Thra, where three Gelfling discover the horrifying secret behind the Skeksis' power and set out to. The Spriton are the more of the land, the farmer race of Gelfling. The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance - Vol. Netflix’s 10-part series is a prequel to the 1982 Jim Henson cult classic film, in which viewers were introduced to the world of Thra, where the malevolent Skeksis use the power of the magical Crystal of Truth to replenish themselves and enslave the gentle race known as the Gelfling. In a new trailer for Netflix’s highly-anticipated prequel series to “ The Dark Crystal,” the seven clans of Gelflings on Thra are starting to realize that their service to their Skeksis overlords needs to be questioned. “The Age of Resistance” is upon us to take on the corrupt people in power. © Copyright 2020 Allied Electronics, Inc. Object: Using the Move A tool used to translate or rotate geometry. You can rotate yourĭesign clockwise or counterclockwise. 90 Clockwise to rotate your design in the clockwise direction and set the Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. tool will continue to rotate in the counterclockwise direction.ĭesign clockwise or counterclockwise. Clicking the Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. Your design rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise and the Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. 90 Counterclockwise Rotation 180 Degree Rotation When rotating a point 180 degrees counterclockwise about the origin our point A (x,y) becomes A' (-x,-y). In other words, switch x and y and make y negative. These options will rotate your layer 90 degrees, either counterclockwise or clockwise as you. 90 Degree Rotation When rotating a point 90 degrees counterclockwise about the origin our point A (x,y) becomes A' (-y,x). Object: Using the Move A tool used to translate or rotate geometry. Counter-Clockwise 90 degree rotation/Clockwise 90 degree rotation. > Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. Select Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. You can rotate your design clockwise or counterclockwise.Ĭlick the Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. tool to rotate your design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. problem skill rotate 90 degrees origin rotation turn. Use the Rotate Design: Using the Rotate tool to spin a design 90 degrees in the plane of the screen. This tutorial shows you how to rotate coordinates from the original figure about the origin. You are here: Changing your display > Orienting designs > Rotating your design your bloodwork is indicating that you’re close to menopause,’ so I was freaking out.” “So I went into complete panic, felt very lonely, very much less-than or like some kind of failure and what was I going to do? There was no one to talk to, there was no information, basically on my visit to the doctor, who said, ‘Well you’re not getting pregnant. “I found myself at 36 and perimenopausal, a word I didn’t even know about, and at the precipice of trying to start a family,” she recalled at The New Pause Symposium in New York City, per People. None of Watts’ friends-or even her doctors-had talked to her about the change and the fact that it could start in your 30s. That’s largely thanks to her experience with perimenopause (the years leading up to menopause) and then menopause itself, a journey that totally caught her off guard by beginning at age 36. Now at 54, she hopes to uplift others going through the transition with her new menopause-catered skincare line, Stripes.Īt 54, Naomi Watts looks back at the last 20 years as quite the emotional-and hormonal-rollercoaster.“I went into complete panic, felt very lonely, very much less-than or like some kind of failure,” she recalled.Naomi Watts got candid about starting perimenopause at 36 when she was trying to start a family. Ryan Murphy’s ‘The Watcher’: The First Trailer & More To Know About His New Netflix Thriller Click to Subscribe to Get Our Free HollywoodLife Daily Newsletter to get the hottest celeb news. You can see how there are so many things that can make a kid feel anxious, and knowing that their parents can be in the same room and joyfully, it means a lot to them.” Related Link But it makes complete sense that it is an absolute priority, because it really matters to the children. “It’s not always a cakewalk, as they say in America. “Having a good relationship has always been our endgame, and we’ve put a lot of energy and effort into making that so,” she explained. Shortly before the hike, Naomi, who is currently dating actor Billy Crudup, talked about her co-parenting relationship with Liev in an interview with Sunday Times Stylemagazine in 2019. Naomi Watts & Liev Schreiber: Exes Reunite For TikTok Dance With Their Kids Kai, 11, & Sasha, 12 Naomi Watts & Liev Schreiber: Exes Reunite For Hike With Sons During Quarantine Naomi Watts, 52, Looks Incredible In High-Waisted Bikini At the Beach: See Pic They also brought their adorable Yorkshire Terrier, Bob, along and looked like any other family enjoying the outdoors. Although they’re no longer involved in a romance together, they still work hard at co-parenting in a healthy manner and have been seen hanging out together with their kids on more than one occasion.īack in March 2020, they reunited to go on a hike with their boys in Los Angeles and were spotted rocking sweatshirts and other workout gear while walking alongside each other. The stars dated for 11 years before calling it quits and were one of Hollywood’s hottest couples. Liev and Naomi’s latest family outing comes five years after their split in 2016. Liev Schreiber and Naomi Watts converse with their kids Sasha and Kai. One of their blonde young ones wore a light blue button-down top, dark blue pants, and gray sneakers while the other wore a ruffled pink dress, gray socks, and white metallic gold-colored sneakers. Liev donned a blue T-shirt under a dark blue blazer, dark blue jeans, and tan shoes during the stroll while Naomi wore a light brown dress with multi-colored patterns on it under a dark denim jacket and brown slip-on shoes. Liev Schreiber and Naomi Watts walking with their kids Sasha and Kai in New York City this week. Search Hollywood Life Search Trending Navigation Trending Latest Hollywood Celebrity & Entertainment News Primary Menu Menu Close Menu HDR Merge features an excellent interface. Of course, the result will not be as good as when merging multiple over/underexposed images. If you just have one photo, you can adjust the dynamic range from a single exposure. You can merge up to 10 photos of different exposure. In case there are no moving subjects, but your photos are not all 100% aligned (due to handheld shots), the function “auto-align” will do the magic. There are a number of options available, like “ghost reduction”, which lets you merge moving subjects, e.g. Aurora HDR is now HDR Merge (a plugin inside Luminar Neo) In fact, some photographers – such as the well-known Serge Ramelli – claim that it’s the best HDR software on the planet. It is like tone mapping using curves and masks but a lot easier.You need to buy Skylum Neo to use HDR Merge You can also tone map selective areas on the differently exposed parts the image by using masks. Its great advantage is that isn't tone mapping large luminosity ranges like using the Basic Panel controls of ACR/LR - it can be used to tone map small slices of luminosity. I will add that Luminosity Masking is just another way of tone mapping. Whether you tone map with Photoshop Adobe Camera Raw, Lightroom, ACDSee, or Paintshop Pro, gimp, easyHDR, Photomatrix or some other software, there is only so much you can drag from a single exposure, but you do get the best results if you start with a proper ETTR exposure and forget about creating fake over/under exposed images. Note: An good alternative to HA-ETTR for brightly colored subjects is to use the RGB histograms but you would still need to use the camera's Highlight Alert if there are specular highlights in the image.Ī fake higher exposure will make the shadows brighter but you don't gain any details like you would with an out of camera higher exposure and you will emphasize the shadow noise.Ĭombining these fake over/under exposed images may make the HDR software work but the end result is no better than if you simply tone mapped the image. Sailorblue - HA-ETTR An Easier Way To Expose To The Right Using The Camera's Highlight Alert This is especially true if you did a proper ETTR exposure, which will capture ALL the significant highlight details and as many shadow details as possible in a single exposure. There is absolutely nothing to be gained by creating an image with a fake lower exposure. If you properly exposured your single image you should have all the highlight details in that image. If they give you what you want then I say great, use them.Ĭreating fake over/underexposures is another matter. The different "looks" that are built into the software are just different tone maps. Using any HDR software to produce a "HDR" image from a single image is just doing automatic tone mapping. Not ideal but better than trying to tonemap a single file. If you have the nef's then use your nef converter to 'create' your under and over brackets. Jimmy Mcintyre – Free Luminosity Mask Actions DownloadTSL - Post-Processing & HDR Blog Greg Benz - Luminosity Masks Tutorial and Links If you want to do much Luminosity Masking then I suggest you buy the PS LM add-on sold by one or the other. You can get a free Luminosity Masking action and instructions from either Greg Benz or Jimmy McIntyre. Probably the best method with Photoshop is to use Luminosity Masks. Any RAW converter software should let you do tone mapping either through exposure controls like those of Lightroom/Adobe Camera Raw (Exposure, Highlights, Shadows, Whites, and Blacks) and/or through the use of multiple curves targeting different areas of brightness. What you are asking for is the best tone mapping software. You can play online with friends in a private room or allow strangers and robots to enter and play along with you. It’s so easy that even your Nana and Papa can join in. You can play it on any device and you don’t need to register or download anything. RichUp is a free online Monopoly alternative that’s quick and easy to play. You can enable these with coins which you earn by completing achievements like winning games, or you can buy coins. There are lots of different boards to choose from as well as custom playing pieces and custom dice. Just like Monopoly, you can win auctions, build houses and pass go. If you wish to play it online with your friends you can also invite your Facebook friends to play. Rento is an online board game that’s very similar to Monopoly. However, if you’re nervous about downloading files, you can choose a Monopoly online game with no download required. Some online Monopoly games require you to download them onto your PC. Some of these copycat Monopoly games are free to play on mobile devices. Other games like Monopoly to play online with friendsĪs well as the official Monopoly game, there are some games that are similar to Monopoly that you might like to try. If you’re struggling to add friends to play Monopoly Switch online, I show you exactly how to do that here: Monopoly for Nintendo Switch Instructions. To learn more about this game and whether it’s worth it, check out my detailed Monopoly Mobile Game Review. One advantage of playing Monopoly via the app is that you don’t need a wifi internet connection as you can use the data on your phone. There are also lots of different cities that you can use as a background to keep the game interesting. You also have the option to select alternative rules such as ‘Free Parking Bonus’, ‘GO Bonus’, and ‘No Jail Rent’.Īs well as the standard Monopoly tokens, you can choose from cool tokens like the snowman, the penguin, and the duck. With the Monopoly app, you can play the common house rules or, if you don’t have hours to spare, there’s a quick mode for a faster game. This means that if you have an iPhone, your friend has an Android phone and your brother has an iPad, you can all play together. Then, you can play as much as you like with no ads. To play online with friends, you must all buy the Monopoly app which costs $3.99. The Monopoly app allows you to play Monopoly multiplayer on your phone or tablet. Play Monopoly on your phone or tablet with the Monopoly app If you suspect significant damage has been caused, do not accept the delivery.1. If there are any signs of damage to your consignment, please notify us immediately on 01604 756737 and note this on the delivery manifest. Ensure you check the delivery note and sign for the correct amount. Once unloaded it is your responsibility to get the goods inside your premises.ĭeliveries can consist of more than one box or pallet. Please ensure there is someone available to sign for and unload the delivery, using your own equipment where necessary. Some deliveries are made by a tail lift lorry, and therefore you must ensure that we have suitable access and are able to stop and unload safely. We are unable to accept specific requests for times or days. Please note that some delivery drivers may operate outside these times. These lead times and delivery times are not binding.ĭelivery usually takes place between 9am and 6pm, Monday to Friday. Once despatched your goods will normally be delivered within 3-5 working days. We will send you an email with your invoice attached on the day that we despatch your order or when you order is ready to collect. Our working days are Monday – Friday excluding Bank Holidays. We aim to process orders within one working day. You are responsible for ensuring that all the details you give are correct as we cannot be held liable for any mis-delivery arising out of incorrect information that you have provided. Some products do attract a pallet surcharge of £15 ex VAT. The delivery charge for orders over our minimum order of £300 up to £600 is £20 ex VAT. We offer free delivery on orders with products totalling £600 or over excluding VAT. Should you live in the Scottish Highlands, offshore islands or Northern Ireland, or outside the UK then please contact us to discuss your requirements. Our shipping charges outlined on this site are only to the UK mainland EXCLUDING the Scottish Highlands, offshore islands & Northern Ireland. King and sticks in a traditional Kubb set at Dutch ChampionshipĪccording to the US Championship rules and World Championship rules, kubb is played on a rectangular pitch 5 metres by 8 metres. Paul, MN), and the Twin Cities Kubb League (Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN). There are currently 7 other kubb leagues in Wisconsin, Illinois, Maryland, and virtually.īrew City Kubb League (Milwaukee, WI), Energy City Kubb League (Moose Lodge in Bativia, IL), Hopkins Farm Brewery Kubb League (Havre De Grace, MD), Madison Kubb League (Madison, WI), Keystone Kubb Virtual Kubb League (Played over software virtually), St. The Eau Claire Kubb League is the largest weekly kubb league, playing in Eau Claire, WI. Because of this, kubb leagues have started to form around the United States. States that have held tournament include Arkansas, California, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin.Īs the number of tournaments continue to grow, there are groups of players looking to play on a weekly basis. Tournaments have been held in a large variety of states. In 2023, there are 32 tournaments on the tournament schedule. Tournaments are now held throughout the country from coast-to-coast. Kubb continues to grow in popularity throughout the United States of America. In addition, kubb sets are in the local schools, with some schools having kubb units in physical education classes and kubb clubs. National Kubb Championship since 2007, and is home to Kubbnation magazine and many clubs and leagues, including the Eau Claire Kubb League, which is the largest weekly kubb league in the world. On 13 December 2011, Eau Claire, Wisconsin declared itself to be the 'Kubb Capital of North America'. Medieval Week also incorporated the playing of kubb, and this connection has likely motivated kubb's being marketed, both in the US and in Europe, with such unfounded appellations as "Viking Chess" and "Old Norse Viking outdoor game". The Kubb World Championship takes place at the same time as "Medieval Week" in Visby : 22 (which has been "the island's main tourist magnet since the mid 1980s" : 19 ). Belgium alone held over 50 tournaments in 2012. : 20–21 Large kubb tournaments now occur throughout Europe and the United States of America. : 20 However, within only a few years, mainland and international teams were coming to Gotland to compete, and a major Swedish manufacturer was selling Kubb sets in the 2000s Kubb spread to several European countries, as well as the USA and Canada. : 20 : 25 In 1995 a tournament was initiated in Rone, Gotland - the Kubb World Championship - somewhat ironically titled, as it was at this time still a thoroughly local affair. In the 1980s it became a local craze, leading to the first local commercial manufacturing efforts in the late 1980s. : 24 However, in 1931 a Gotlandic ethnologist, visiting the island of Fårö, just to the north of Gotland, recorded the earliest known use of the name "kubb" for this game, : 23 and it was played by residents of Gotland by at least the mid-20th century. Kubb was evidently unknown in Gotland in 1912, when a list of traditional Gotlandic games was drawn up, in conjunction with the Olympic Games (held in Stockholm that year). Kägelkrig, the Polish game, and kaisers all seem to feature felled pins being thrown to the opponent side in order themselves to fell opponent pins, which is not a feature of contemporary kubb. : 22 This game was known on the Swedish mainland at least as early as 1878, when it was described in Ungdomens Bok, a sort of Boys' Own Book. Sören Wallin has identified the Swedish game kägelkrig (as described in a 1911 encyclopedia ) as essentially the same as, and the forbear of, kubb. Though typologically related to kubb, no definite historical connection between these games and kubb has been shown. The Karelian game kyykkä and the possibly Siberian game bunnock both feature team sides and (unlike the Polish game and kaisers) use versions of batons as projectiles rather than balls. Though differing from kubb in detail, kaisers, as published in Leipzig in 1800, displays most of the fundamental features of kubb, including team sides, recycled pins, a kingpin, and even the requirement to throw from behind one's own pins though as in the Polish game, the main projectile is a ball rather than a baton. Endrei & Zolnay briefly note an unnamed game, played in Poland "as early as the sixteenth century", which seems to exhibit both features. The features of kubb most distinguishing it from other pin-toppling games (such as bowling and skittles) are that 1) teams "own" opposite sides of the playing field, and 2) toppled pins are "recycled" back into play and may be tossed to opposite sides. Boys playing the game kaisers with-the author insists- the wrong pins |